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Radio Wave Propagation Models Used In Rf Coverage Analysis

Category : Wealth Management

Radio Wave Propagation Models Used in RF Coverage Analysis

by

Paul Ngai

Radio wave propagation can be categorized as LOS (Line Of Sight) and non-LOS modes. LOS is direct point-to-point propagation with no obstructions in between. Non-LOS is indirect propagation in the absence of LOS path which consists of diffraction, reflection and scattering. In the HF band (3 30 MHz), propagation is primarily using sky wave for long distance communications. VHF and UHF (30 MHz 3 GHz) waves travel by LOS and ground bounce propagation. The SHF (3 to 30 GHz) wave uses strictly LOS propagation.

[youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLJ34L5UW4E[/youtube]

The goal of propagation modeling is to determine the probability of satisfactory performance of a wireless system that depends on radio wave propagation. For RF systems planning, the modeling of propagation is for the purpose of RF coverage analysis. This analysis uses the propagation model and terrain data to predict the RF coverage area of a transmitter, the received signal strength at the end of a wireless link, the path loss from the transmitter to a distance receiver, the antenna tilt angle of the transmitter, the minimum antenna height to establish Line of Sight communication path and channel impairment such as delay spread due to multi-path fading. Propagation models for different applications, environments and terrains had been developed by the US government, private organizations and standard body such as International Telecommunications Union (ITU). These models are based on large amount of empirical data collected for the purpose of characterizing propagation for that application. Since propagation models are created using statistical methods, no single model will exactly fit any particular application. It is a good idea to employ two or more independent models and use the results as bounds on the expected performance. The following are a list of most commonly used near-earth propagation models. Longley-Rice The Longley-Rice model predicts long term median transmission loss over irregular terrain. It is designed for frequency from 20 MHz to 20 GHz and path length from 1 to 2000 Km. The model accounts for terrain, climate, subsoil conditions and ground curvature. Longley-Rice model has two modes, point-to-point and area. The point-to-point mode uses detail terrain data and characteristics to predict path loss, whereas the area mode uses general information about the terrain characteristics to predict path loss. Okumura The Okumura model is based on the measurements made in Tokyo in 1960, between 200 to 1920 MHz. The measured values are used to determine the median field strength and numerous correction factors. The correction factors include adjustment to the degree of urbanization, terrain roughness, base station antenna height, mobile antenna height and localized obstruction. The Okumura model is especially applicable in urban area for general coverage calculation where numerous obstructions and buildings exist. Cost 231 The Cost 231 Model, also called the Hata model PCS extension, is used in most commercial RF planning tools for mobile telephony. The coverage of the Cost 231 model is frequency between 1500 to 2000 MHz, transmitter effective antenna height between 30 to 200 m, receiver effective antenna height between 1 to 10 m and link distance from 1 to 20 km. The Cost 231 model is restricted to application where the base station antenna is above adjacent roof tops. Egli The Egli model is a simplified model based on empirical match of measured data to mathematical formula. Its ease of implementation makes it a popular choice for use in the first analysis. It assumes gentle rolling hill height of approximately 50 feet and no terrain elevation data between the transmitter and receiver is needed for the model. The median path loss is adjusted for the height of transmit and receive antenna above ground. The model consists of a single equation for the propagation loss. ITU ITU terrain model is based on diffraction theory that provides a method to predict median path loss. The model predicts path loss as a function of the height of path blockage and the first Fresnel zone for the transmission link. The model is ideal for modeling line-of-sight link in any terrain and is good for any frequency and path length. The model accounts for obstructions in the middle of the communication link, hence it is suitable to be used both inside cities and open fields. The model is considered valid for losses above 15 dB.

Paul Ngai is an engineering consultant specialized in

Telecommunications Network and Systems

. He is also the principal of Network Systems Technologies LLC (

nstecs.net

), a telecommunications consulting firm provides planning, analysis, design, testing and operation support services.

Article Source:

Radio Wave Propagation Models Used in RF Coverage Analysis


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NATO, Afghan police seize 250 tons of suspected bomb-making material

Category : Uncategorized

Tuesday, November 10, 2009

NATO has said 250 tons of suspected bomb-making material has been seized in a raid in the city of Kandahar, a Taliban stronghold in southern Afghanistan.

Military officials say Afghan National Police and NATO forces recovered 227 kilograms of ammonium nitrate fertilizer and 5,000 components used to make roadside bombs in the raid on Sunday, on a warehouse in Kandahar.

A NATO statement today noted that fifteen people were detained in the raid and 4,000 bags of fertilizer were found in a nearby compound.

“This find will undoubtedly save many lives and points to the increasing capability of the Afghan national security forces,” said a spokesman for the NATO International Security Assistance Force, Lieutenant Colonel Todd Vician, in a statement.

Ammonium nitrate fertilizer is a key ingredient for making explosives and is often found in roadside bombs.


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Ontario Votes 2007: Interview with Green candidate Jim Reeves, York-Simcoe

Category : Uncategorized

Monday, October 1, 2007

Jim Reeves is running for the Green Party of Ontario in the Ontario provincial election, in the York-Simcoe riding. Wikinews’ Nick Moreau interviewed him regarding his values, his experience, and his campaign.

Stay tuned for further interviews; every candidate from every party is eligible, and will be contacted. Expect interviews from Liberals, Progressive Conservatives, New Democratic Party members, Ontario Greens, as well as members from the Family Coalition, Freedom, Communist, Libertarian, and Confederation of Regions parties, as well as independents.


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Scopes Of Cloud Computing Services

Category : Software

Scopes of Cloud Computing Services

by

Martin Lobo

Cloud computing services efficiently allows enterprises to outsource IT services. All the expenses of software, data storage as well as payment and billing procedures are transferred to the cloud provider. Hence, a cloud provider is an individual company that is accountable for securing all these vital information.

However, the potential of

cloud computing services

today goes beyond the transferring and storing of information. Recently the innovations that have been taking place makes it possible for two people belonging to two separate countries, speaking separate languages interact over the phone with the help of certain software applications that helps in automatic language translation. The industry experts however, categories cloud computing services in the following five types:-

[youtube]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Or7zaUaP-J8[/youtube]

* SaaS (Software as a Service) that helps to license an application to users with the help of subscription with the help of the pay-as-you-go model.

* PaaS (Platform as a Service) This enables the software developers lease the total resources required to set up their own applications

* IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) With the help this users lease servers and storage.

* CaaS (Communication as a Service) This is basically an outsourcing model for business interactions that comprises contact center applications, voice conferencing and voice over IP.

* EaaS (Everything as a Service) This entails collating few or all the above mentioned services.

However, today there are eminent IT players specializing in managed hosting services and others, plan to be the transformation partner with the SMB s as well as the large scale companies that are resorting to the cloud computing sphere by the virtue of unmatched capacities and strengths with a rich user experience in Cloud computing services.

Such companies have always been the force in technology adoption and have encountered numerous firsts to its credit for setting up industry leading programs. Some of them have been the pioneer in Infrastructure and Application integration and to introduce and set up utility models such as the Business Ready Infrastructure (BRI). At the same time they have joined hands with ISV s and technology enterprises to set up Cloud based services, service operating models and other delivery platforms. Furthermore, these companies also specialize in efficient information security consulting and other technology driven services.

Click here to read more on –

Managed security services

,

IT outsourcing

Article Source:

ArticleRich.com


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Philippines braces for next storm

Category : Uncategorized

Thursday, October 1, 2009

The Philippines, still reeling from the destructive Typhoon Ketsana just days before, is bracing for another strike from Typhoon Parma, which is expected to hit the region on Saturday.

Ketsana brought torrential rains to the northern Philippines on Saturday, inundating most of the capital Manila and surrounding provinces. Scores of people were killed and many are still missing. Overall, Ketsana affected nearly two million people.

Now Parma, a “super typhoon” packing winds of 150 miles per hour, is threatening to devastate the region again. The storm could be more powerful than Ketsana: “We are dealing with a very strong typhoon (and) there is a big possibility that this typhoon will gather more strength,” said Nathaniel Cruz, a forecaster in the Philippines.

Officials are preparing evacuation plans, and refugees from the prior flooding were advised to remain in shelters and avoid returning to their homes.

The thought of another disaster is unbearable for some residents. Glen Juban, who lost his 4 year-old daughter to Typhoon Ketsana, said, “I hope the typhoon will hit another place. We’ve been hit so hard. The situation now is just so difficult and I don’t know if we can take some more, another calamity.”

Elnora Avarientos, World Vision‘s chief in the Philippines, was also concerned. “Families are now just starting to pick up what was left of their lives. Now, I’m afraid […] Typhoon Parma would make it a lot harder for the affected families to cope and for the relief […] agencies to respond,” Avarientos said.


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Acting teacher and director Milton Katselas dies at age 75

Category : Uncategorized

Tuesday, October 28, 2008

Acting teacher and director Milton Katselas died Friday at age 75, after suffering from heart failure at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. He began the Beverly Hills Playhouse in 1978 and taught acting classes there to noted actors including George Clooney and Gene Hackman. Katselas is survived by a sister and two brothers.

Katselas directed an off-Broadway production of Edward Albee‘s The Zoo Story, and received a Tony Award nomination for his 1969 direction of Butterflies are Free. Actress Blythe Danner won a Tony Award for her role in Butterflies are Free under Katselas’ direction. He moved to California to direct the film version of that play, and went on to direct films and television movies. Actress Eileen Heckart received an Academy Award for her role in the film version of Butterflies are Free.

Katselas directed the San Francisco and Los Angeles productions of the play P.S. Your Cat Is Dead! by playwright James Kirkwood, Jr. In his author’s notes in the publication of the script, Kirkwood acknowledged Katselas, and wrote that the plays were “directed with incredible energy and enthusiasm by Milton Katselas, to whom I am extremely indebted”.

Katselas directed the television movie Strangers: Story of a Mother and Daughter, and actress Bette Davis received an Emmy Award for her role in the movie. Katselas taught many famous actors including Michelle Pfeiffer, Richard Gere, Robert Duvall, Jack Lemmon, Al Pacino, Goldie Hawn, Christopher Walken, Burt Reynolds, George C. Scott, Elizabeth Taylor, Richard Burton, Alec Baldwin, and Patrick Swayze. Katselas was credited with being able to nurture actors with raw talent so that they could develop strong Hollywood careers. He utilized innovative techniques in his courses – one course called “Terrorist Theatre” had a simple premise: successfully get an acting role within six weeks or leave the course.

He grew up in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to parents who had immigrated from Greece, and graduated from Carnegie Mellon. He studied acting with Lee Strasberg in New York at the Actors Studio, and received advice from directors Joshua Logan and Elia Kazan.

Katselas was a prominent Scientologist, and a July 2007 profile on Katselas in The New York Times Magazine observed that some of his students stopped taking courses at the Beverly Hills Playhouse because they felt they had been pressured to join the Church of Scientology. According to the article, Katselas credited Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard “for much of his success in life”, and one of his students works at Scientology’s Celebrity Centre. The article commented that some in Los Angeles view the Beverly Hills Playhouse as “a recruitment center for Scientology”.

Katselas met L. Ron Hubbard after moving to California, and began studying Scientology in 1965. The New York Times Magazine reported that he had reached the level of “Operating Thetan, Level 5, or O.T. V.” in 2007. According to The New York Times Magazine when Scientologists proceed up the “The Bridge to Total Freedom” they learn the story of Xenu, and that: “75 million years ago the evil alien Xenu solved galactic overpopulation by dumping 13.5 trillion beings in volcanoes on Earth, where they were vaporized, scattering their souls.” A Church of Scientology publication, Source, lists Katselas as reaching O.T. V. in 1989.

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He is brilliant, and knows me so well as a person and an actress that he gets the most out of me.

Though some actors felt pressured to join the Church of Scientology after taking courses at the Beverly Hills Playhouse, at least one individual felt Katselas was not active enough with the organization. Actress Jenna Elfman left the Beverly Hills Playhouse because she felt Katselas was not committed enough to Scientology. Katselas had previously directed Elfman in half of Visions and Lovers: Variations on a Theme, two one-act plays about relationships that he had written himself. In 1999 Katselas had planned to adapt the script of Visions and Lovers to a film version, and Elfman was set to reprise her role from the play. In an article in Variety about the project, Elfman commented on her experience working with Katselas: “He is brilliant, and knows me so well as a person and an actress that he gets the most out of me.”

Other prominent Scientologist actors who have studied under Katselas include Giovanni Ribisi, Jason Lee, and Leah Remini. According to Rolling Stone, Katselas also recruited actress Kelly Preston to Scientology. Actress Nancy Cartwright (the voice of Bart Simpson), told Scientology publication Celebrity that Katselas motivated her to get more active in Scientology, and she stated she took the organization’s “Purification Rundown” and her life “took off completely”.

Life is an endless unspooling of art, of acting, of painting, of architecture. And where did I learn that? From Milton.

Anne Archer was introduced to Scientology while studying at the Beverly Hills Playhouse, as was former Scientologist and now outspoken critic actor Jason Beghe. Beghe told Roger Friedman of FOX News in April 2008 that “He [Katselas] gets kickbacks”, and that he was brought to a Scientology center by fellow Beverly Hills Playhouse classmate Bodhi Elfman, Jenna Elfman’s husband. In a 1998 article for Buzz Magazine, Randye Hoder wrote “In his class, Katselas is careful not to label anything as a tenet of Scientology, but there is no question that the church’s influence seeps into the playhouse.”

Anne Archer’s husband and fellow Scientologist, producer Terry Jastrow, commented to The New York Times Magazine that Katselas changed the way he experiences life on a day-to-day basis: “I go out in the world and look at human behavior now. I see a woman or man interacting with a saleslady, and I see the artistry in it. Life is an endless unspooling of art, of acting, of painting, of architecture. And where did I learn that? From Milton.”

Actor Anthony Head of Buffy the Vampire Slayer spoke highly of Katselas in a 2002 interview with San Francisco Chronicle: “He’s this wonderfully intuitive teacher and his premise is basically: The only real barriers are the ones we put in front of ourselves. If you say, ‘My character wouldn’t do that’ — bollocks! Ultimately it’s you who wouldn’t say that. Who knows what your character might do.” In the acknowledgements of her 2004 autobiography Are You Hungry, Dear?: Life, Laughs, and Lasagna, actress Doris Roberts wrote: “I thank my friend and acting teacher, the incredible Milton Katselas, for his insights, wisdom, and inspiration, which have helped make me the actress that I am.”

I really care about the craft of acting. It’s absolutely necessary to take the time and patience to really develop an actor.

Katselas authored two books: Dreams Into Action: Getting What You Want, first published in 1996 by Dove Books, and Acting Class: Take a Seat, which came out earlier this month. Dreams Into Action, a New York Times Bestseller, sought to modify motivational acting exercises to the field of business.

In an interview in the 2007 book Acting Teachers of America, Katselas commented on his experiences as an acting teacher over the years: “I have very special teachers here at the Beverly Hills Playhouse—some have been with me for over twenty-five years. I believe that to make a difference over the long haul, we need to train teachers. I really care about the craft of acting. It’s absolutely necessary to take the time and patience to really develop an actor.”


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Global markets plunge

Category : Uncategorized

Friday, October 10, 2008

Stock markets across the world have fallen sharply with several seeing the biggest drop in their history.

Asian markets saw the biggest sell-off. The Nikkei dropped 9.62% to reach a 20 year low. Japan also saw a collapse of a mid-size insurance company, Yamato Life Insurance Company, which declared bankruptcy. The Hang Seng, which was one of the few markets that was positive yesterday, fell 7.19%. Australia dropped by 8.4% and South Korea saw a 9% fall.

In Europe, markets dropped at the open with the FTSE losing 11%. They have recovered only sightly with all European markets losing more than 5%. The European sell off was more about the Asian lows then any specific news. European banks and financial institutes saw the most selling. Also, oil related companies saw large drops as an result of an expected decrease in oil consumption.

The U.S. markets opened lower with the Dow Jones Industrial Average falling below 8,000, before recovering slightly. President George W. Bush made an address on the economy and said markets were being “driven by uncertainty and fear.”

Oil has seen losses of more than US$6 in trading with the current price of a barrel of oil less than $80. This is a year low for oil. News also came out that OPEC will hold an emergency meeting on November 18 to discuss the falling price of oil.

Charities, such as Cats Protection, today said that they have lost much of their funds in collapsing banks. Cats Protection had a total of £11.2 million saved in the now-collapsed Kaupthing bank.

The British National Council for Voluntary Organisations said that 60 of its 6,500 have lost money due to the collapse of banks.

Contents

  • 1 Stock markets
    • 1.1 Dow Jones Industrial Average
    • 1.2 FTSE 100
    • 1.3 Nikkei 225
  • 2 International reaction
    • 2.1 George W. Bush
    • 2.2 Gordon Brown
    • 2.3 Jim Flaherty
  • 3 Market data
  • 4 Sources

The Dow Jones Industrial Average fell to its lowest level in five years at 8,579.19, falling 679 points in one day. This, at 7.3%, is the eleventh largest percentage fall in the history of the index. The growth then continued, with the index being up over 150 points on the start of the day at one point.

The index, did however, recover, and as of 19:30 UTC was up 17.68 points, or 0.21%, pushing the index up to almost 8600.

Peter Cardillo, chief market economist at Avalon Partners, commented on these massive falls. “What we’ve seen here was one big margin call that just kept feeding on itself, so the opposite could happen. But you need a catalyst,” he said. “I’m more convinced now than ever that this market has made a bottom. The capitulation came when we breached 8,000,” he continued. “It doesn’t mean we can’t go back and revisit that level.”

The UK’s FTSE 100 index fell dramatically to close below 4000, in the index’s worst week in history. This is despite the fact that just a few days ago the index was above 5000, and the index peaked above 5500 in September.The FTSE 100 index has fallen by 41% this year.

Barclays Wealth analyst Henk Potts commented on this massive fall. “We are drowning in a sea of red numbers,” he claimed. “Investors are concerned about the exacerbation of the credit crunch and the gloomy forecasts for economic growth. The reality is that most investors have been spooked by the sheer pressure that the credit crunch is putting on the global economy.”

The Japanese Nikkei 225 has recorded it’s third biggest drop in history with a massive sell-off in the exchange that has resulted in USD 250 billion being knocked of the index’s value.

Toyota, which is the second largest carmaker in the world, fell by the largest amount in 21 years, while Elpida Memory, the world’s largest manufacturer of computer memory, dropped in value to a record low.

Masafumi Oshiden, a fund manager in Toyota commented on the drop.”It’s capitulation,” he said. “There are lots of forced sellers. If you’re a fund that’s going bust you need to close out all your positions.”

George W. Bush commented on the financial situation earlier today. “Over the past few days, we have witnessed a startling drop in the stock market — much of it driven by uncertainty and fear,” he said. “This has been a deeply unsettling period for the American people. Many of our citizens have serious concerns about their retirement accounts, their investments, and their economic well-being.”

Bush then continued by promoting the government’s plan’s to get through the crises. “Here’s what the American people need to know: that the United States government is acting; we will continue to act to resolve this crisis and restore stability to our markets. We are a prosperous nation with immense resources and a wide range of tools at our disposal. We’re using these tools aggressively.”

Gordon Brown, the UK Prime Minister, also spoke on the economy. “I think we quickly realised that we cannot solve the problems we have got as a result of the sub-prime market collapse simply by improving liquidity,” he said speaking in Birmingham to business leaders earlier today. “That would simply not be enough to deal with the bigger problem of rebuilding the banking system for the future and restoring trust is a fundamental element of that.”

Jim Flaherty, the Canadian minister for finance, also commented today on the recent incidents in the economy. “It is important to underline that Canada’s banks and other financial institutions are sound, well capitalized and less leveraged than their international peers,” he claimed. “Our mortgage system is sound. Canadian households have smaller mortgages relative both to the value of their homes and to their disposable incomes than in the U.S.”

“”However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the continuing disruption of global credit markets, which has been severe and protracted, is making it difficult for our financial institutions to raise long-term funding. This is beginning to affect the availability of mortgage loans and other types of credit in Canada,” he continued. “The Government has therefore decided to act to address the current scarcity of private sector lending to Canadian mortgage markets and lending markets overall. This is going to make loans and mortgages more available and more affordable for ordinary Canadians and businesses.”

20:15, 10 October, 2008 (UTC)
  • DJIA
  • 8.451,19 128,00 1,49%
  • Nasdaq
  • 1.649,51 4,39 0.27%
  • S&P 500
  • 899,22 10,70 1,18%
  • S&P TSX
  • 9.264,57 335,61 3.50%
  • IPC
  • 19.952,30 357,87 1,76%
  • Merval
  • 1.215,990 71.340 5,54%
  • Bovespa
  • 35.615,26 1,474.03 3,97%
  • FTSE 100
  • 3.932,06 381,74 8,85%
  • DAX
  • 4.544,31 342,69 7,01%
  • CAC 40
  • 3.176,49 266,21 7,73%
  • SMI
  • 5.347,22 451,62 7,79%
  • AEX
  • 258,05 23,92 8,48%
  • BEL20
  • 2.123,44 117,44 5,24%
  • MIBTel
  • 15.438,00 1,081,00 6,54%
  • IBEX 35
  • 8.997,70 905,20 9,14%
  • All Ordinaries
  • 3.939,50 351,80 8,20%
  • Nikkei
  • 8.276,43 881,06 9,62%
  • Hang Seng
  • 14.796,90 1,146,37 7,19%
  • SSE Composite
  • 2.000,57 74,01 3,57%


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    Duke and Duchess of Cambridge to move into Kensington Palace, London

    Category : Uncategorized

    Tuesday, June 7, 2011

    British media has reported that Prince William and his recently wedded wife, Kate, are to move their London residence into Kensington Palace, close to Hyde Park.

    Two units in the Palace, labeled Apartments 8 and 9, were previously occupied by Prince Charles and Diana, William’s parents, when they married in 1981. Prince William and his brother Prince Harry went to nursery and school nearby. Diana also lived in Kensington Palace after her separation and divorce from Prince Charles.

    However, the newlyweds will not live in Apartments 8 and 9, as they are currently being used as office space. They will instead live in a small apartment that was previously occupied by staff. The palace has undergone some renovations, including asbestos removal.

    The couple is also set to choose one “housekeeper-dresser”, who will provide valet service for the Duchess of Cambridge. Kate will continue to buy her own clothes, and the new servant is not to be seen as a “stylist”. The position has been advertised internally within Buckingham Palace.

    The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge are expected to move within a few weeks, before they leave on a trip to Canada and the United States. The London residence is expected to be used only as a starter home for about a year. The couple will keep their permanent residence without personal staff in Anglesey, Wales, where William serves on the Royal Air Force as a search-and-rescue pilot. They will continue to run their Household Office at St James’s Palace.


    • 0

    Italian biggest win at Italian Lottery Superenalotto

    Category : Uncategorized

    Wednesday, May 4, 2005

    The Tuesday drawing of the Italian Superenalotto game has awarded the biggest prize ever won in a betting game in Italy. The single winner of the first category prize (6 numbers guessed) will receive an amount, including the jackpot from previous un-won draws, of 72.090.405,19 (US$93 million.) The prize money will be received in full without further taxation, since taxes in prizes of that type are taken at a fixed rate by the Italian State from the money paid for the bet.

    The winning card was purchased in a café in Milan. The betting game, in some respects similar to Powerball in the USA, but without the special number, requires guessing 6 numbers out of 90.

    There is not a drawing for the Superenalotto itself. Numbers are taken from the drawing of another Italian lottery game called the national Lotto. If you guess all 6 numbers in Superenalotto, you win the highest prize.

    One additional number is drawn from the Lotto drawing. If you have guessed 5 numbers of the normal Superenalotto 6, where the additional number is called the Jolly number or Joker number, you win a runner-up prize (somewhat less than the full 6 award). Called the 5+1 prize, it was just won in the previous drawing on April 30. There are minor prizes for 5, 4 or 3 numbers guessed, but only the full 6 and 5+1 prize have the jackpot mechanism.


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    Congressional dems visit to Iraq encourages support of Bush $81B “reconstruction” plan

    Category : Uncategorized

    Tuesday, March 29, 2005

    A visit to Baghdad’s “Green Zone” on two separate days last week (March 22 and 24, 2005) has convinced Washington’s Democratic senators and representatives that things are going well.

    The Senate delegation, led by Senator Harry Reid (D-Nev), visited on Tuesday. The House delegation, led by Nancy Pelosi (D-San Francisco), visited two days later. They all came away from their whirlwind visits with opinions that although conditions were improving there would still be many years of American occupation before Iraq could be a true democracy.

    “Although progress has been made, there is a significant way to go until the Iraqis are capable of providing for their security,” said Pelosi, the House Democratic leader. She led an eight-member group that included seven Democrats and Republican Rep. Darrell Issa (R-Vista) (San Diego County).

    The delegations spent their one day in Iraq’s Green Zone, the heavily protected area in downtown Baghdad that serves as headquarters for the 150,000 U.S. military forces and diplomats and the Iraqi government. They headed to their other stops in Lebanon, Israel, Jordan and Egypt. Security was tight and didn’t allow for any additional travel in the war torn nation.

    The sole Republican in the Congressional delegation, Issa, said “I believe it will be a fairly long stay.”

    Pelosi’s comments echoed Issa, and added “the cost of this war is huge to the American people,” citing 1,500 service personnel the Bush administration has admitted were killed in action, and the estimated $500 million-a-day price tag. “The message some of us had for our military leaders and Iraqi leaders is that whatever it takes to transfer security responsibilities should be applied now. It’s long overdue,” she added.

    An emotional trip to Beirut, Lebanon, by the congressional delegation included a visit to the grave of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri, who was assassinated in a Feb. 14 bombing that is blamed, but not substantiated, to have been committed by Syrian agents. Darrell Issa, of Lebanese descent, noted “there’s a huge permanent group of mourners at his grave, with hundreds of tents set up.’’

    Senator Reid stressed the need for continued U.S. support for reconstruction efforts, along with training Iraqi security forces to replace U.S. military personnel and help bolster the Iraqi economy and political structure. “Everyone understands that reconstruction is an important part of the U.S. mission here,” he added.

    Senate Minority Whip Dick Durbin (D-Ill.) agreed: “I believe what we are seeing here is good.”

    Senator Barbara Boxer (D-CA), a leading critic of the Bush administration’s Iraq policy, seemed upbeat about the future of the new Iraq government. Iraq’s future stability “greatly depends on the training of Iraqi security forces.”

    “We got a very, very upbeat report from the top U.S. military officials,” she added.

    All of the delegation seemed to agree that their trip enforced the enormity of the challenge and the financial need to help the Iraqi people. This would require a continued input of American taxpayer dollars and left little doubt that they would line up to support the Bush administration’s proposed new $81 billion dollars (US) in expenditures there.